merlion.models package

Broadly, Merlion contains two types of models: anomaly detection (merlion.models.anomaly) and forecasting (merlion.models.forecast). Note that there is a distinct subset of anomaly detection models that use forecasting models at their core (merlion.models.anomaly.forecast_based).

We implement an abstract ModelBase class which provides the following functionality for all models:

model = ModelClass(config)
- initialization with a model-specific config (which inherits from Config)
- configs contain:
  - a (potentially trainable) data pre-processing transform from merlion.transform; note that model.transform is a property which refers to model.config.transform
  - model-specific hyperparameters
model.save(dirname, save_config=None)
- saves the model to the specified directory. The model’s configuration is saved to <dirname>/config.json, while the model’s binary data is (by default) saved in binary form to <dirname>/model.pkl. Note that if you edit the saved <dirname>/config.json on disk, the changes will be loaded when you call ModelClass.load(dirname)!
- this method heavily exploits the fact that many objects in Merlion are JSON-serializable
ModelClass.load(dirname, **kwargs)
- this class method initializes an instance of ModelClass from the config file saved in <dirname>/config.json, (overriding any parameters of the config with kwargs where relevant), loads the remaining binary data into the model object, and returns the fully initialized model.

For users who aren’t familiar with the specific details of various models, we provide default models for anomaly detection and forecasting in merlion.models.defaults.

We also provide a ModelFactory which can be used to conveniently instantiate models from their name and a set of keyword arguments, or to load them directly from disk. For example, we may have the following workflow:

from merlion.models.factory import ModelFactory
from merlion.models.anomaly.windstats import WindStats, WindStatsConfig

# creates the same kind of model in 2 equivalent ways
model1a = WindStats(WindStatsConfig(wind_sz=60))
model1b = ModelFactory.create("WindStats", wind_sz=60)

# save the model & load it in 2 equivalent ways
model1a.save("tmp")
model2a = WindStats.load("tmp")
model2b = ModelFactory.load("tmp")

Finally, we support ensembles of models in merlion.models.ensemble.

`defaults`	Default models for anomaly detection & forecasting that balance speed and performance.
`factory`	Contains the `ModelFactory`.
`base`	Contains the base classes for all models.
`deep_base`	Contains the base classes for all deep learning models.
`layers`	Base class for layered models.
`anomaly`	Contains all anomaly detection models.
`anomaly.change_point`	Contains all change point detection algorithms.
`anomaly.forecast_based`	Contains all forecaster-based anomaly detectors.
`forecast`	Contains all forecasting models, including those which support exogenous regressors.
`ensemble`	Ensembles of models and automated model selection.
`automl`	Contains all AutoML model variants & some utilities.
`utils`	Contains various utility files & functions useful for different models.

Subpackages

forecast

ensemble

automl

utils

defaults

Default models for anomaly detection & forecasting that balance speed and performance.

class merlion.models.defaults.DefaultDetectorConfig(model=None, granularity=None, n_threads=1, model_kwargs=None, transform=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredModelConfig

Config object for default anomaly detection model.

Parameters

model – The model being wrapped, or a dict representing it.
granularity (Optional[str]) – the granularity at which the input time series should be sampled, e.g. “5min”, “1h”, “1d”, etc.
n_threads (int) – the number of parallel threads to use for relevant models
model_kwargs – Keyword arguments used specifically to initialize the underlying model. Only used if model is a dict. Will override keys in the model dict if specified.
transform – Transformation to pre-process input time series.
kwargs – Any other keyword arguments (e.g. for initializing a base class). If model is a dict, we will also try to pass these arguments when creating the actual underlying model. However, they will not override arguments in either the model dict or model_kwargs dict.

class merlion.models.defaults.DefaultDetector(config=None, model=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredDetector

Default anomaly detection model that balances efficiency with performance.

Parameters: config (Optional[LayeredModelConfig]) – model configuration

config_class: alias of DefaultDetectorConfig

property granularity

reset(): Resets the model’s internal state.

train(train_data, train_config=None, anomaly_labels=None, post_rule_train_config=None)

Trains the anomaly detector (unsupervised) and its post-rule (supervised, if labels are given) on train data.

Parameters

train_data (TimeSeries) – a TimeSeries of metric values to train the model.
train_config – Additional training configs, if needed. Only required for some models.
anomaly_labels (Optional[TimeSeries]) – a TimeSeries indicating which timestamps are anomalous. Optional.
post_rule_train_config – The config to use for training the model’s post-rule. The model’s default post-rule train config is used if none is supplied here.

Return type

TimeSeries

Returns

A TimeSeries of the model’s anomaly scores on the training data.

class merlion.models.defaults.DefaultForecasterConfig(model=None, max_forecast_steps=None, target_seq_index=None, granularity=None, model_kwargs=None, transform=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredModelConfig

Config object for default forecasting model.

Parameters

model – The model being wrapped, or a dict representing it.
max_forecast_steps (Optional[int]) – Max # of steps we would like to forecast for.
target_seq_index (Optional[int]) – The index of the univariate (amongst all univariates in a general multivariate time series) whose value we would like to forecast.
granularity (Optional[str]) – the granularity at which the input time series should be sampled, e.g. “5min”, “1d”, etc.
model_kwargs – Keyword arguments used specifically to initialize the underlying model. Only used if model is a dict. Will override keys in the model dict if specified.
transform – Transformation to pre-process input time series.
kwargs – Any other keyword arguments (e.g. for initializing a base class). If model is a dict, we will also try to pass these arguments when creating the actual underlying model. However, they will not override arguments in either the model dict or model_kwargs dict.

class merlion.models.defaults.DefaultForecaster(config=None, model=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredForecaster

Default forecasting model that balances efficiency with performance.

config_class: alias of DefaultForecasterConfig

property supports_exog: Whether the model supports exogenous regressors.

property granularity

reset(): Resets the model’s internal state.

train(train_data, train_config=None, exog_data=None)

Trains the forecaster on the input time series.

Parameters

train_data (TimeSeries) – a TimeSeries of metric values to train the model.
train_config – Additional training configs, if needed. Only required for some models.
exog_data – A time series of exogenous variables, sampled at the same time stamps as train_data. Exogenous variables are known a priori, and they are independent of the variable being forecasted. Only supported for models which inherit from ForecasterExogBase.

Return type

Tuple[TimeSeries, Optional[TimeSeries]]

Returns

the model’s prediction on train_data, in the same format as if you called ForecasterBase.forecast on the time stamps of train_data

factory

Contains the ModelFactory.

class merlion.models.factory.ModelFactory

Bases: object

classmethod get_model_class(name)

Return type: Type[ModelBase]

classmethod create(name, return_unused_kwargs=False, **kwargs)

Return type: Union[ModelBase, Tuple[ModelBase, Dict]]

classmethod load(name, model_path, **kwargs)

Return type: ModelBase

classmethod load_bytes(obj, **kwargs)

Return type: ModelBase

merlion.models.factory.instantiate_or_copy_model(model)

base

Contains the base classes for all models.

class merlion.models.base.Config(transform=None, **kwargs)

Bases: object

Abstract class which defines a model config.

Parameters: transform (Optional[TransformBase]) – Transformation to pre-process input time series.

filename = 'config.json'

transform: TransformBase = None

dim: Optional[int] = None

to_dict(_skipped_keys=None)

Returns: dict with keyword arguments used to initialize the config class.

classmethod from_dict(config_dict, return_unused_kwargs=False, dim=None, **kwargs)

Constructs a Config from a Python dictionary of parameters.

Parameters

config_dict (Dict[str, Any]) – dict that will be used to instantiate this object.
return_unused_kwargs – whether to return any unused keyword args.
dim – the dimension of the time series. handled as a special case.
kwargs – any additional parameters to set (overriding config_dict).

Returns

Config object initialized from the dict.

get_unused_kwargs(**kwargs)

class merlion.models.base.NormalizingConfig(normalize=None, transform=None, **kwargs)

Bases: Config

Model config where the transform must return normalized values. Applies additional normalization after the initial data pre-processing transform.

Parameters

normalize (Optional[Rescale]) – Pre-trained normalization transformation (optional).
transform – Transformation to pre-process input time series.

property full_transform: Returns the full transform, including the pre-processing step, lags, and final mean/variance normalization.

property transform

class merlion.models.base.ModelBase(config)

Bases: object

Abstract base class for models.

filename = 'model.pkl'

config_class: alias of Config

train_data: Optional[TimeSeries] = None: The data used to train the model.

reset(): Resets the model’s internal state.

property base_model: The base model of a base model is itself.

abstract property require_even_sampling: bool: Whether the model assumes that training data is sampled at a fixed frequency

abstract property require_univariate: bool: Whether the model only works with univariate time series.

property auto_align: bool: Whether to ensure that all univariates in the training data are aligned.

property supports_exog: Whether the model supports exogenous regressors.

property dim

property transform

Returns: The data pre-processing transform to apply on any time series, before giving it to the model.

property timedelta

Returns: the gap (as a pandas.Timedelta or pandas.DateOffset) between data points in the training data

property last_train_time

Returns: the last time (as a pandas.Timestamp) that the model was trained on

train_pre_process(train_data)

Applies pre-processing steps common for training most models.

Parameters: train_data (TimeSeries) – the original time series of training data
Return type: TimeSeries
Returns: the training data, after any necessary pre-processing has been applied

transform_time_series(time_series, time_series_prev=None)

Applies the model’s pre-processing transform to time_series and time_series_prev.

Parameters

time_series (TimeSeries) – The time series
time_series_prev (Optional[TimeSeries]) – A time series of context, immediately preceding time_series. Optional.

Return type

Tuple[TimeSeries, Optional[TimeSeries]]

Returns

The transformed time_series and time_series_prev.

abstract train(train_data, train_config=None)

Trains the model on the specified time series, optionally with some additional implementation-specific config options train_config.

Parameters

train_data (TimeSeries) – a TimeSeries to use as a training set
train_config – additional configurations (if needed)

abstract train_post_process(train_result)

save(dirname, **save_config)

Parameters

dirname (str) – directory to save the model & its config
save_config – additional configurations (if needed)

classmethod load(dirname, **kwargs)

Parameters

dirname (str) – directory to load model (and config) from
kwargs – config params to override manually

Returns

ModelBase object loaded from file

to_bytes(**save_config)

Converts the entire model state and configuration to a single byte object.

Returns: bytes object representing the model.

classmethod from_bytes(obj, **kwargs)

Creates a fully specified model from a byte object

Parameters: obj – byte object to convert into a model
Returns: ModelBase object loaded from obj

class merlion.models.base.MultipleTimeseriesModelMixin

Bases: object

Abstract mixin for models supporting training on multiple time series.

abstract train_multiple(multiple_train_data, train_config=None)

Trains the model on multiple time series, optionally with some additional implementation-specific config options train_config.

Parameters

multiple_train_data (List[TimeSeries]) – a list of TimeSeries to use as a training set
train_config – additional configurations (if needed)

deep_base

Contains the base classes for all deep learning models.

class merlion.models.deep_base.Optimizer(value)

Bases: Enum

Optimizers for learning model parameters.

Adam(params, lr=0.001, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-08, weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, *, foreach=None, maximize=False, capturable=False, differentiable=False, fused=None) = <class 'torch.optim.adam.Adam'>

AdamW(params, lr=0.001, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-08, weight_decay=0.01, amsgrad=False, *, maximize=False, foreach=None, capturable=False, differentiable=False, fused=None) = <class 'torch.optim.adamw.AdamW'>

SGD(params, lr=0.001, momentum=0, dampening=0, weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, *, maximize=False, foreach=None, differentiable=False, fused=None) = <class 'torch.optim.sgd.SGD'>

Adagrad(params, lr=0.01, lr_decay=0, weight_decay=0, initial_accumulator_value=0, eps=1e-10, foreach=None, *, maximize=False, differentiable=False) = <class 'torch.optim.adagrad.Adagrad'>

RMSprop(params, lr=0.01, alpha=0.99, eps=1e-08, weight_decay=0, momentum=0, centered=False, foreach=None, maximize=False, differentiable=False) = <class 'torch.optim.rmsprop.RMSprop'>

class merlion.models.deep_base.LossFunction(value)

Bases: Enum

Loss functions for learning model parameters.

mse(size_average=None, reduce=None, reduction='mean') = <class 'torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss'>

l1(size_average=None, reduce=None, reduction='mean') = <class 'torch.nn.modules.loss.L1Loss'>

huber(reduction='mean', delta=1.0) = <class 'torch.nn.modules.loss.HuberLoss'>

guassian_nll(*, full=False, eps=1e-06, reduction='mean') = <class 'torch.nn.modules.loss.GaussianNLLLoss'>

class merlion.models.deep_base.DeepConfig(batch_size=32, num_epochs=10, optimizer=Optimizer.Adam, loss_fn=LossFunction.mse, clip_gradient=None, use_gpu=True, ts_encoding='h', lr=0.0001, weight_decay=0.0, valid_fraction=0.2, early_stop_patience=None, **kwargs)

Bases: Config

Config object used to define a deep learning (pytorch) model.

Parameters

batch_size (int) – Batch size of a batch for stochastic training of deep models
num_epochs (int) – Total number of epochs for training.
optimizer (Union[str, Optimizer]) – The optimizer for learning the parameters of the deep learning models. The value of optimizer can be Adam, AdamW, SGD, Adagrad, RMSprop.
loss_fn (Union[str, LossFunction]) – Loss function for optimizing deep learning models. The value of loss_fn can be mse for l2 loss, l1 for l1 loss, huber for huber loss.
clip_gradient (Optional[float]) – Clipping gradient norm of model parameters before updating. If clip_gradient is None, then the gradient will not be clipped.
use_gpu (bool) – Whether to use gpu for training deep models. If use_gpu = True while thre is no GPU device, the model will use CPU for training instead.
ts_encoding (Optional[str]) – whether the timestamp should be encoded to a float vector, which can be used for training deep learning based time series models; if None, the timestamp is not encoded. If not None, it represents the frequency for time features encoding options:[s:secondly, t:minutely, h:hourly, d:daily, b:business days, w:weekly, m:monthly]
lr (float) – Learning rate for optimizing deep learning models.
weight_decay (float) – Weight decay (L2 penalty) (default: 0)
valid_fraction (float) – Fraction of validation set to be split from training data
early_stop_patience (Optional[int]) – Number of epochs with no improvement after which training will be stopped for early stopping function. If early_stop_patience = None, the training process will not stop early.
transform – Transformation to pre-process input time series.

property optimizer: Optimizer

property loss_fn: LossFunction

class merlion.models.deep_base.TorchModel(config)

Bases: Module

Abstract base class for Pytorch deep learning models

Initialize internal Module state, shared by both nn.Module and ScriptModule.

abstract forward(past, past_timestamp, future_timestamp, *args, **kwargs)

Define the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

property device

class merlion.models.deep_base.DeepModelBase(config)

Bases: ModelBase

Abstract base class for all deep learning models

config_class: alias of DeepConfig

deep_model_class: alias of TorchModel

to_gpu(): Move deep model to GPU

to_cpu(): Move deep model to CPU

layers

Base class for layered models. These are models which act as a wrapper around another model, often with additional functionality. This is the basis for default models and AutoML models.

class merlion.models.layers.LayeredModelConfig(model, model_kwargs=None, transform=None, **kwargs)

Bases: Config

Config object for a LayeredModel. See LayeredModel documentation for more details.

Parameters

model (Union[ModelBase, Dict]) – The model being wrapped, or a dict representing it.
model_kwargs – Keyword arguments used specifically to initialize the underlying model. Only used if model is a dict. Will override keys in the model dict if specified.
transform – Transformation to pre-process input time series.
kwargs – Any other keyword arguments (e.g. for initializing a base class). If model is a dict, we will also try to pass these arguments when creating the actual underlying model. However, they will not override arguments in either the model dict or model_kwargs dict.

property base_model: The base model at the heart of the full layered model.

to_dict(_skipped_keys=None)

Returns: dict with keyword arguments used to initialize the config class.

classmethod from_dict(config_dict, return_unused_kwargs=False, dim=None, **kwargs)

Constructs a Config from a Python dictionary of parameters.

Parameters

config_dict (Dict[str, Any]) – dict that will be used to instantiate this object.
return_unused_kwargs – whether to return any unused keyword args.
dim – the dimension of the time series. handled as a special case.
kwargs – any additional parameters to set (overriding config_dict).

Returns

Config object initialized from the dict.

get_unused_kwargs(**kwargs)

class merlion.models.layers.LayeredModel(config=None, model=None, **kwargs)

Bases: ModelBase

Abstract class implementing a model which wraps around another internal model.

The actual underlying model is stored in model.config.model, and model.model is a property which references this. This is to allow the model to retain the initializer LayeredModel(config), and to ensure that various attributes do not become de-synchronized (e.g. if we were to store config.model_config and model.model separately).

We define the base model as the non-layered model at the base of the overall model hierarchy.

The layered model is allowed to access any callable attribute of the base model, e.g. model.set_seasonality(...) resolves to model.base_model.set_seasonality(...) for a SeasonalityModel. If the base model is a forecaster, the layered model will automatically inherit from ForecasterBase; similarly for DetectorBase or ForecastingDetectorBase. The abstract methods (forecast and get_anomaly_score) are overridden to call the underlying model.

If the base model is a forecaster, the top-level config model.config does not duplicate attributes of the underlying forecaster config (e.g. max_forecast_steps or target_seq_index). Instead, model.config.max_forecast_steps will resolve to model.config.base_model.max_forecast_steps. As a result, you will only need to specify this parameter once. The same holds true for DetectorConfig attributes (e.g. threshold or calibrator) when the base model is an anomaly detector.

Note

For the time being, every layer of the model is allowed to have its own transform. However, after the model is trained, the entire transform will be composed as a single TransformSequence and will be owned by the base model.

config_class: alias of LayeredModelConfig

property require_even_sampling: bool: Whether the model assumes that training data is sampled at a fixed frequency

property require_univariate: bool: Whether the model only works with univariate time series.

property model

property base_model: The base model of a base model is itself.

property train_data

reset(): Resets the model’s internal state.

train_pre_process(train_data, **kwargs)

Applies pre-processing steps common for training most models.

Parameters: train_data (TimeSeries) – the original time series of training data
Return type: TimeSeries
Returns: the training data, after any necessary pre-processing has been applied

train_post_process(train_result, **kwargs)

class merlion.models.layers.LayeredDetector(config=None, model=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredModel, DetectorBase

Base class for a layered anomaly detector. Only to be used as a subclass.

Parameters: config (Optional[LayeredModelConfig]) – model configuration

get_anomaly_score(time_series, time_series_prev=None, **kwargs)

Returns the model’s predicted sequence of anomaly scores.

Parameters

time_series (TimeSeries) – the TimeSeries we wish to predict anomaly scores for.
time_series_prev (Optional[TimeSeries]) – a TimeSeries immediately preceding time_series. If given, we use it to initialize the time series anomaly detection model. Otherwise, we assume that time_series immediately follows the training data.

Return type

TimeSeries

Returns

a univariate TimeSeries of anomaly scores

class merlion.models.layers.LayeredForecaster(config=None, model=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredModel, ForecasterBase

Base class for a layered forecaster. Only to be used as a subclass.

forecast(time_stamps, time_series_prev=None, **kwargs)

Returns the model’s forecast on the timestamps given. If self.transform is specified in the config, the forecast is a forecast of transformed values by default. To invert the transform and forecast the actual values of the time series, specify invert_transform = True when specifying the config.

Parameters

time_stamps – Either a list of timestamps we wish to forecast for, or the number of steps (int) we wish to forecast for.
time_series_prev (Optional[TimeSeries]) – a time series immediately preceding time_series. If given, we use it to initialize the forecaster’s state. Otherwise, we assume that time_series immediately follows the training data.
exog_data – A time series of exogenous variables. Exogenous variables are known a priori, and they are independent of the variable being forecasted. exog_data must include data for all of time_stamps; if time_series_prev is given, it must include data for all of time_series_prev.time_stamps as well. Optional. Only supported for models which inherit from ForecasterExogBase.
return_iqr – whether to return the inter-quartile range for the forecast. Only supported for models which return error bars.
return_prev – whether to return the forecast for time_series_prev (and its stderr or IQR if relevant), in addition to the forecast for time_stamps. Only used if time_series_prev is provided.

Returns

(forecast, stderr) if return_iqr is false, (forecast, lb, ub) otherwise.

forecast: the forecast for the timestamps given
stderr: the standard error of each forecast value. May be None.
lb: 25th percentile of forecast values for each timestamp
ub: 75th percentile of forecast values for each timestamp

class merlion.models.layers.LayeredForecastingDetector(config=None, model=None, **kwargs)

Bases: LayeredForecaster, LayeredDetector, ForecastingDetectorBase

Base class for a layered forecasting detector. Only to be used as a subclass.

Parameters: config (Optional[LayeredModelConfig]) – model configuration